she là gì

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For the Sinitic language of Zhejiang and Fujian, see Shehua.

She
Ho Ne
Pronunciation[hɔ̀né̄]
Native toChina
RegionZengcheng, Boluo County, Huidong County and Haifeng County in Guangdong
Ethnicity710,000 She (2000 census)[1]

Native speakers

910 (1999)[1]

Language family

Hmong–Mien

  • Hmongic
    • She–Jiongnai
      • She
Language codes
ISO 639-3shx
Glottologshee1238
ELPShe

She is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

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The She language (Mandarin: 畲語, Shēyǔ, Hakka 山客話, san ha ue, [sáŋ xáʔ uə̄̀]), autonym Ho Ne, /hɔ22 ne53/ or Ho Nte, is a critically endangered Hmong–Mien language spoken by the She people.[2] Most of the over 709,000 She people today speak Shehua (probably a variety of Hakka Chinese). Those who speak Sheyu—approximately 1,200 individuals in Guangdong Province—call themselves Ho Ne, "mountain people" (活聶; huóniè).

Dialects[edit]

There are two main dialects of She, both of which are highly endangered.[3] They are spoken in two small pockets vĩ đại the west and east of Huizhou City, Guangdong.

  • Luofu 罗浮 (Western She dialect), spoken in Luofu Mountain District 罗浮山区, Boluo County and in Zengcheng District.[4] 580 speakers according vĩ đại Ethnologue.
  • Lianhua 莲花 (Eastern She dialect), spoken in Lianhua Mountain District 莲花山区, Haifeng County.[4] 390 speakers according vĩ đại Ethnologue.

External relationships[edit]

She has been difficult vĩ đại classify due vĩ đại the heavy influence of Chinese on the language. Matisoff (2001), for example, left it unclassified within the Hmongic languages, and some have considered that much vĩ đại be doubtful, leaving it unclassified within (and potentially a third branch of) the Hmong–Mien languages. She has monosyllabic roots, but has mainly compound words.[3] However, due vĩ đại the similar components of She, Mao & Li (2002) and Ratliff (2010) consider She vĩ đại be most closely related vĩ đại Jiongnai.[5][6]

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She is not vĩ đại be confused with Shēyǔ (畲语) is Shēhuà (Chinese: 畲话, meaning 'She dialect' or 'She speech'), an unclassified Sinitic language spoken by the She people of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. Shehua and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people. The Dongjia of Majiang County, Guizhou are also officially classified as She people, but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related vĩ đại Chong'anjiang Miao (重安江苗语).

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

She consonants
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal. lab. plain pal.
Nasal voiced m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʲ
voiceless ŋ̊
Plosive unaspirated p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ kʷ (ʔ)
aspirated pʰ pʰʲ tʰ tʰʲ kʰ kʰʲ kʰʷ
Affricate unaspirated ts tsʲ
aspirated tsʰ tsʰʲ
Fricative voiceless f s sʲ h hʲ
voiced v z zʲ

Glottal stop is not distinct from zero (a vowel-initial syllable).

There are consonant mutation effects. For instance, pǐ + kiáu becomes pi̋’iáu, and kóu + tȁi becomes kóulȁi.

Vowels[edit]

The vowels of She are /i e a ɔ ɤ u/. It has the finals /j w n ŋ t k/, with /t k/ only in Hakka loans, though /ɤ/ is never followed by a final, and the only stops which follow the front vowels are /n t/.

Tones[edit]

She has six tones, reduced vĩ đại two (high and low) in checked syllables (Hakka loans only). There is quite a lot of dialectical variability; two of the reported inventories (not necessarily in corresponding order) are:

[ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˨˩ ˧˥ ]: that is, /5 4 3 2 1 35/, or (on /a/), /a̋ á ā à ȁ ǎ/

[ ˥˧ ˦˨ ˧ ˨ ˧˩ ˧˥ ]: that is, /53 42 3 2 31 35/

Vocabulary[edit]

Old Chinese loanwords[edit]

As with the Southern Chinese languages, She has various loanwords from Old Chinese.[citation needed]

  • 走 vĩ đại run
  • 行 vĩ đại walk; in Standard Mandarin, it means "do" (general sense, not just "to walk")
  • 烏 black
  • 赤 red
  • 寮 house; in Standard Mandarin, it means "hut"
  • 禾 rice (plant); in Standard Mandarin, it means "millet"
  • 鑊 wok
  • 奉 vĩ đại give; in Standard Mandarin, it means "give with respect"
  • 其 he/she/it
  • 着 vĩ đại wear
  • 睇 vĩ đại look; in Standard Mandarin, it means "look askance"
  • 戮 vĩ đại kill
  • 齧 vĩ đại bite
  • 使 vĩ đại use

See also[edit]

  • She word list (Wiktionary)

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References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b She at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  3. ^ a b "She". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  4. ^ a b Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武 (1986). Shēyǔ jiǎnzhì 畲语简志 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  5. ^ Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武; Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2002). Jiǒngnàiyǔ yánjiū 炯奈语硏究 [A Study of Jiongnai] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
  6. ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong-Mien Language History. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.

Sources[edit]