balloon là gì

By Admin 01/09/2023 0
Balloons are given for special occasions, such as birthdays or holidays, and are often used as tiệc nhỏ décor.

A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and air. For special tasks, balloons can be filled with smoke, liquid water, granular truyền thông media (e.g. sand, flour or rice), or light sources. Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, and can come in many different colors. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder. Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low mật độ trùng lặp từ khóa and low cost, have led vĩ đại a wide range of applications.

The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824, during experiments with various gases. He invented them for use in the lab.[1]

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Applications

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Decoration

Decorations made of balloons with a combination of stacking and twisting techniques showcasing the deco-twisting style.

Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties, weddings, corporate functions, school events, and for other festive gatherings. The artists who use the round balloons vĩ đại build are called "stackers" and the artists who use pencil balloons vĩ đại build are called "twisters." Most commonly associated with helium balloon decor, more recently balloon decorators have been moving towards the creation of air-filled balloon decorations due vĩ đại the non-renewable natural resource of helium limited in supply. The most common types of balloon decor include arches, columns, centerpieces, balloon drops, sculptures, and balloon bouquets. With the increased aptitude for balloon twisting as well as balloon stacking, the rise of the deco-twister manifests itself as the combination of stacking techniques as well as twisting techniques vĩ đại create unique and interesting balloon decor options.

Party Balloons

Decorative rainbow colored arches made of tiệc nhỏ balloons used at the pride parade in São Paulo, Brazil.

Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees, and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber's elasticity makes the volume adjustable.

Twisting balloons can be used vĩ đại create decor centerpieces for events and vĩ đại create a more unique look phàn nàn can be provided by foil balloons.

Often the term "party balloon" will refer vĩ đại a twisting balloon or pencil balloon. These balloons are manipulated vĩ đại create shapes and figures for parties and events, typically along with entertainment.

Filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth, a manual or electric inflater (such as a hand pump), or with a source of compressed gas.

When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium sánh that they float, they typically retain their buoyancy for only a day or sánh, sometimes longer. The enclosed helium atoms escape through small pores in the latex which are larger phàn nàn the helium atoms. However, some types of balloons are labelled "helium-grade". These balloons are often thicker and have less porosity.[2] Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer, sometimes for up vĩ đại a week.

However, a rubber balloon eventually loses gas vĩ đại the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, vĩ đại a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (for instance, the polymer solution sold under the "Hi Float" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon vĩ đại reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time vĩ đại a week or longer.[3]

Animal-shaped balloons

Beginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) foil balloons made of thin, unstretchable, less permeable metallised films such as Mylar (BoPET) started being produced. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attributes of metallised nylon for balloons are its light weight, increasing buoyancy, and its ability vĩ đại keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. Foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines.[4][5]

Sculpture

Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures such as animals (see balloon modelling). The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber sánh that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required vĩ đại inflate a balloon is inversely proportional vĩ đại the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard vĩ đại inflate initially. A pump is usually used vĩ đại inflate these balloons.

Decorators may use helium balloons vĩ đại create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these vĩ đại simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious "sculptures" have been attempted. It is also common vĩ đại use balloons as table decorations for celebratory events. Balloons can sometimes be modeled vĩ đại size shapes of animals. Table decorations normally appear with three or five balloons on each bouquet. Ribbon is curled and added with a weight vĩ đại keep the balloons from floating away.

Drops and releases

Party balloons in Italy

A decorative use for balloons is in balloon drops. In a balloon drop, a plastic bag or net filled with air-inflated balloons is suspended from a fixed height. Once released, the balloons fall onto their target area below. Balloon drops are commonly performed at New Year's Eve celebrations and at political rallies and conventions, but may also be performed at celebrations, including graduations and weddings.

Balloons for sale on vappu in Helsinki, Finland in 2018

For decades, people have also celebrated with balloon releases. This practice has been discouraged by the balloon industry, as it has posed problematic for the environment and cities. In recent years, legislation such as the California Balloon Law has been enacted vĩ đại enforce consumers and retailers vĩ đại tether helium-filled foil (BoPET) balloons with a balloon weight. This ensures that the helium-filled balloons vì thế not float into the atmosphere, which is potentially injurious vĩ đại animals, the environment, and power lines. Many states now have banned balloon releases.

It is becoming more common for balloons vĩ đại be filled with air instead of helium, as air-filled balloons will not release into the atmosphere or deplete the earthly helium supply. There are numerous tiệc nhỏ games and school-related activities that can use air-filled balloons as opposed vĩ đại helium balloons. When age appropriate, these activities often include the added fun of blowing the balloons up. In many events, the balloons will contain prizes, and party-goers can pop the balloons vĩ đại retrieve the items inside.

Publicity

Balloons are used for publicity at major events. Screen printing processes can be used vĩ đại print designs and company logos onto the balloons. Custom built printers inflate the balloon and apply ink with elastic qualities through a silk screen template. In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Thành Phố New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the United Nations Headquarters.[6]

Also in the 1950s at the start of the Cold War, activists in Western Europe uses balloons for propaganda purposes that would float east over Eastern Europe, which would release newspapers and pamphlets.[7] In năm trước, South Korean activists used the same balloon method vĩ đại get information vĩ đại those in North Korea.[8]

Paolo Scannavino mix the record of 11 for the most giant balloons entered in 2 minutes.[9]

Water projection

Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons filled with a liquid, usually water, instead of a gas, and intended vĩ đại be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying vĩ đại get each other wet, as a game, competition, or practical joke. By forcing water out the open kết thúc of a water balloon, it is possible vĩ đại use it as a makeshift water gun.

Solar lift

Solar balloons are thin, large balloons filled with air that is heated by the sun in order vĩ đại decrease its mật độ trùng lặp từ khóa vĩ đại obtain lift.

Rockets

Balloons are often deliberately released, creating a so-called balloon rocket. Balloon rockets work because the elastic balloons contract on the air within them, and sánh when the mouth of the balloon is opened, the gas within the balloon is expelled out, and due vĩ đại Newton's third law of motion, the balloon is propelled forward. This is the same way that a rocket works.[10]

Flying machines

Hot air balloons, San Diego, California

Balloons filled with hot air or a buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. The earliest flights were made with hot air balloons using air heated with a flame, or hydrogen as the lifting gas. Later, coal gas and later still helium were used. An unpowered balloon travels with the wind. A balloon which has an engine vĩ đại propel it is called a dirigible balloon or airship.

Medicine

Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon is inflated vĩ đại clear or compress arterial plaque, and vĩ đại stretch the walls of the vessel, thus preventing myocardial infarction. A small stent can be inserted at the angioplasty site vĩ đại keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal.[11]

Balloon catheters are catheters that have balloons at their tip vĩ đại keep them from slipping out. For example, the balloon of a Foley catheter is inflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position.[12]

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Insertion of balloons subsequently filled with air or liquid can be used vĩ đại stop bleeding in hollow internal organs such as stomach or uterus.

History

Humans have intentionally filled bladders, especially actual animal bladders, with air since prehistory. In Ancient Greece, these had a number of recorded uses. The Aztecs inflated cát intestines vĩ đại make shapes vĩ đại present as sacrifices vĩ đại the gods.[13] By the 18th century, people were inflating balloons of cloth or canvas with hot air and sending it aloft, the Montgolfier brothers going sánh far as vĩ đại experiment with first animals in 1782, and then, when altitude did not kill them, human beings in 1783.

The first hydrogen-filled gas balloon was flown in the 1790s. A century later the first hydrogen-filled weather balloons were launched in France.

The first modern rubber balloons on record were made by Michael Faraday in 1824. He used these vĩ đại contain gasses he was experimenting with, especially hydrogen. By 1825 similar balloons were being sold by Thomas Hancock, but lượt thích Faraday's they came disassembled, as two circles of soft rubber. The user was expected vĩ đại rung rinh the circles one on top of the other and rub their edges until the soft, gummy rubber stuck, leaving the powdered inner part loose for inflation.[14] Modern, preassembled balloons were being sold in the US by the early 20th century.

Safety and environmental concerns

An illustration of the degradation of the latex polymer in aquatic environments
Vacuum metalized PET balloon abandoned in a forest

Release

There has been some environmental concern over metallised Mylar balloons, as they vì thế not biodegrade or shred as rubber balloons vì thế. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful vĩ đại the environment. This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages.[15]

Released balloons can land anywhere, including on nature reserves or other areas where they can pose a hazard vĩ đại animals through ingestion or entanglement. Because of the potential harm vĩ đại wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment, some jurisdictions even legislate vĩ đại control mass balloon releases. Legislation proposed in Maryland, US, was named after Inky, a pygmy sperm whale who needed six operations after swallowing debris, the largest piece of which was a Mylar balloon.[16][17] The Balloon Council, a trade organization that represents the interests of balloon businesses, claims that there is no documentary evidence vĩ đại suggest that the death of any sea mammal has been attributed vĩ đại foil balloons as a sole cause, vĩ đại date.[18] In the United Kingdom, foil balloons sold at major theme parks and zoos have balloon weights attached vĩ đại help prevent accidental release into the environment.[19]

When balloons eventually return vĩ đại the ground, they begin the degradation process. Latex balloons are the most used because of their ability vĩ đại biodegrade. The problem with this is that it can take at least 4 weeks vĩ đại show substantial degradation of the polymer in the environment, and around 6 months in aquatic environments.[20][21] This issue can have an effect on the wildlife on both land and in aquatic systems because animals will confuse deflated balloons as food, nesting material, or simply something vĩ đại play with. When that happens, it can lead vĩ đại negative effects for the animals. For example, a bird can use a deflated balloon as a component for its nest. When the eggs hatch, they will get tangled in the balloon and that can lead vĩ đại death.[22]

Anthony Andrady says that releases of latex balloons that descend into the sea pose a serious ingestion and/or entanglement hazard vĩ đại marine animals because balloons exposed floating in seawater deteriorate much more slowly phàn nàn those exposed in air.[23] Balloon manufacturers will often state that a latex balloon is perfectly safe vĩ đại release into the environment as it is made from a natural substance and will biodegrade over time. A latex balloon can take up vĩ đại a year vĩ đại degrade if it lands in the sea and during this time it is possible for a marine animal vĩ đại ingest the balloon and die from slow starvation if its digestive system is blocked.

NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers), an organisation that styles itself "The Balloon and Party Professionals Association" and represents the UK balloon industry,[24] publishes guidelines for people holding balloon releases.[25] some of the leading balloon manufacturers have started vĩ đại recommend avoiding balloon releasing, instead preferring vĩ đại tie balloons down with weights in order vĩ đại prevent them from floating away.[26][27] These recommendations have also been adopted by some industry professionals working with balloons in the fields of design and entertainment.[28]

Makeup

Traditionally balloons are manufactured from plastic. With the rise of worldwide awareness for environmental conservation, some balloon manufacturers started making balloons out of biodegradable materials, which are made entirely of natural recyclable rubber trees. These balloons manufacturing processes preserve the natural state of the material in such a way that allows it vĩ đại degrade relatively quickly.[27] Some of the manufacturers only use rubber trees that are grown in plantations that receive the Rainforest Alliance's approval, and at which its representatives conduct regular inspections in order vĩ đại make sure that the farmers meet several criteria mix vĩ đại ascertain that the biological diversity in the area is maintained, and that no worker or natural resource is abused in the material manufacturing process.[29]

Another environmental problem with latex balloons is not the effects the balloons have on the environment once they are decomposed, but when they are being made. When latex is being produced, it produces greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, N2O. This is becoming an increasing problem, especially in Thailand which is responsible for 35% of the worlds natural rubber production.[30]

At the start of the 21st century, balloon recycling or reuse for other purposes was in its infancy. As of 2020, several balloon manufacturers have developed methods for effective balloon waste disposal,[26] and some manufacturers use recycled balloons vĩ đại produce other products, such as toys for pets.[27]

Air pressure

Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles, December 1, 1783

Once inflated with regular, atmospheric air, the air inside the balloon will have a greater air pressure phàn nàn the original atmospheric air pressure.[31]

Air pressure, technically, is a measurement of the amount of collisions against a surface at any time. In the case of balloon, it's supposed vĩ đại measure how many particles at any in any given time space collide with the wall of the balloon and bounce off. Since this is nearly impossible vĩ đại measure, air pressure seems vĩ đại be more easily described as mật độ trùng lặp từ khóa. The similarity comes from the idea that when there are more molecules in the same space, more of them will be heading towards a collision course with the wall.

The first concept of air pressure within a balloon that is necessary vĩ đại know is that air pressures "try" vĩ đại even out. With all the bouncing against the balloon wall (both interior and exterior) there will be a certain amount of expansion/contraction. As air pressure itself is a mô tả tìm kiếm of the total forces against an object, each of these forces, on the outside of the balloon, causes the balloon vĩ đại contract a tiny bit, while the inside forces cause the balloon vĩ đại expand. With this knowledge, one would immediately assume that a balloon with high air pressure inside would expand based on the high amount of internal forces, and vice versa. This would make the inside and outside air pressures equal.

Balloons have a certain elasticity vĩ đại them that needs vĩ đại be taken into trương mục. The act of stretching a balloon fills it with potential energy. When it is released, the potential energy is converted vĩ đại kinetic energy and the balloon snaps back into its original position, though perhaps a little stretched out. When a balloon is filled with air, the balloon is being stretched. While the elasticity of the balloon causes tension that would have the balloon collapse, it is also being pushed back out by the constant bouncing of the internal air molecules. The internal air has vĩ đại exert force not only vĩ đại counteract the external air vĩ đại keep the air pressures "even", but it also has vĩ đại counteract the natural contraction of the balloon. Therefore, it requires more air pressure (or force) phàn nàn the air outside the balloon wall. Because of this, when helium balloons are left and they float higher, as atmospheric pressure decreases, the air inside it exerts more pressure phàn nàn outside it sánh the balloon pops from tension. In some cases, the helium leaks out from pores and the balloon deflates, falling down.[32]

See also

Types of balloon

  • Balloon (aeronautics)
    • Gas balloon
    • High-altitude balloon
    • Hot air balloon
    • Observation balloon
    • Research balloon
    • Solar balloon
  • Tethered balloon or moored balloon or captive balloon, a balloon that is restrained by one or more tethers attached vĩ đại the ground and sánh cannot float freely
  • Tethered helium balloon
    • Weather balloon
  • Toy balloon

References

  1. ^ Swain, Heather (2010). Make These Toys: 101 Clever Creations Using Everyday Items. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-101-18873-6. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017.
  2. ^ Copy "What causes helium balloons vĩ đại lose their lift after a day or two?" 1 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. https://science.howstuffworks.com/question10.htm 28 February 2022
  3. ^ "Home". HiFloat. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  4. ^ "Metallic balloons spark controversy" Archived July 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  5. ^ "New bill vĩ đại ban certain balloons" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ABC. April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  6. ^ Sela, Neta (January 24, 2008) 4,200 balloons released in NY vĩ đại protest Qassam fire Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Ynet News.
  7. ^ "Target Satellite Europe." Archived November 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Popular Mechanics, April 1956, pp. 110–112.
  8. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (October 10, 2014). "Koreas Exchange Fire After Activists Launch Balloons Over Border". The Thành Phố New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  9. ^ 2013 Guinness Book of World Records Limited. Craig Glenday. 2013. pp. 114. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  10. ^ Zimmerman Jones, Andrew. "Scientific Explanation: Why the Rocket Balloon Works". How vĩ đại Create a Rocket Balloon. About:Physics. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  11. ^ Berger, Alan (May 30, 2006). "Angioplasty". Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  12. ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Catheter – Balloon Catheter – Thomas Fogarty". About: Inventors. About. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  13. ^ Jean Merlin, Kaufman and Greenberg, Great Balloons! The Complete Book of Balloon Sculpting, 1994.
  14. ^ "Balloons (Rubber) - History of Balloons". www.softschools.com.
  15. ^ Haroutunian, Atineh (June 3, 2008). "Mylar Balloons Spark Power Outages". Glendalewaterandpower.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  16. ^ "MARP Sponsors Inky Legislation". National Aquarium in Baltimore. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  17. ^ "Legislation regulating the release of balloons". Clean Virginia Waterways. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  18. ^ "FAQ: Are sea mammals at risk?". The Balloon Council. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  19. ^ "Environmental Policy Statement". Balloon Supply & Distribution Ltd. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  20. ^ Lambert, S; Sinclair, CJ; Bradley, EL; Boxall, AB (March 1, 2013). "Effects of environmental conditions on latex degradation in aquatic systems". The Science of the Total Environment. 447: 225–34. Bibcode:2013ScTEn.447..225L. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.067. PMID 23384646.
  21. ^ Andrady, Anthony (February 11, 2015). Plastics and Environmental Sustainability. John Wiley & Sons. p. 303.
  22. ^ King, Rachael (July 5, 2008). "Old balloons causing woes for wildlife, despite law - Latex, ribbons fall vĩ đại earth after whimsical flights in sky". New Haven Register.
  23. ^ Andrady, A.L. (August 6, 2000). "Plastics and Their Impacts in the Marine Environment" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment. Hawaii: Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. p. 140. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  24. ^ "NABAS: The Balloon Association". NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers). Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  25. ^ "Code of Conduct" (PDF). NABAS. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Sustainability". qualatex. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021.
  27. ^ a b c "nature first". sempertex. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020.
  28. ^ "Balloons & The Environment". PEBA. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019.
  29. ^ "100% Latex, 100% Sustainable". qualatex.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ Jawjit, Warit; Kroeze, Carolien; Rattanapan, Suwat (March 2010). "Greenhouse gas emissions from rubber industry in Thailand". Journal of Cleaner Production. 18 (5): 403–411. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.003.
  31. ^ Serway, Raymond, Chris Vuille, and Jerry Faughn (2008). College Physics, Volume 10. Cengage Learning.
  32. ^ "Balloons." Reach Out Michigan. N.p., n.d. Web. November 30, 2010. Why are balloons stretchy? Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

"Stories Behind Everyday Things"; New York: Reader's Digest, 1980.

External links

Look up balloon in Wiktionary, the không lấy phí dictionary.

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Wikimedia Commons has truyền thông media related vĩ đại Balloons.

  • Stratospheric balloons, history and present Historical recompilation project on the use of stratospheric balloons in the scientific research, the military field and the aerospace activity
  • National trade association for the UK balloon industry
  • Balloon and Party Industry alliance for the UK and European Balloon and Party industry
  • National trade association for the Australasian balloon industry